Innate immunity is a foundational field in immunology, critical for understanding how organisms sense and respond to danger, be it pathogens or sterile ...

Researchers have deciphered the complex interplay of various enzymes around the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which plays an important role in defending our bodies against ...

Humans are protected by two branches of the immune system. Innate immunity provides built-in defense against widespread characteristics of bacteria and viruses, while adaptive immunity memorizes ...

This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American The very first line of defence against any ...

Secondary infections caused by bacteria or viruses during hospital care remain a long-standing global challenge, despite ...

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is one of the world’s oldest and most widely used vaccines. It was developed in the early 20th century to provide protection from tuberculosis. Surprisingly, this ...

Phospholipases PLA1, PLA2, PLC, and PLD hydrolyze phospholipids to produce corresponding lysophospholipids and fatty acids. Red arrows indicate the corresponding hydrolysis sites. B) Phospholipases ...